Veterinarian training courses library : Dog / Internal medicine

Teaching goals

• Diagnose thyroid neoplasia in dogs
• Identify the most common metastatic sites for thyroid neoplasia
• Recognise the most effective treatment options for thyroid tumours

Teaching goals

• Respiratory and Cardiovascular Changes in Geriatric Patients:
  Geriatric patients experience decreased lung capacity due to increased functional residual capacity (FRC) and small airway closure. This is coupled with muscle atrophy and reduced reflexes, making intubation necessary. Cardiovascular changes include reduced cardiac reserve due to decreased maximum heart rate and valvular lesions, which reduce cardiac output and increase myocardial workload.
• Decreased Renal and Digestive Function:
  Renal function diminishes with age, reducing the ability to concentrate urine and making fluid balance critical.Lower esophageal sphincter tone decreases, and gastric pH becomes lower, making older patients more prone to reflux and esophagitis.
• Altered Drug Metabolism and Clearance:
  Geriatric patients show a reduction in drug clearance and protein binding, leading to potentially higher effective drug concentrations. Special care is needed to avoid drug overdose or prolonged drug effects.
• Pre-Anesthetic and Anesthetic Considerations:
  Pre-anesthetic preparation should include securing venous access early, minimizing stress, and using analgesia. Induction with propofol and intubation, followed by inhalant or total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), is recommended.
• Post-Anesthetic Care:
  Recovery requires close monitoring until airway reflexes return. Supplemental oxygen, analgesia, fluid therapy, and temperature management are essential for a safe recovery.

Teaching goals

• Blood pressure measurements methods
• Definitions of hypertension
• Target Organ Damage (TOD)
• General treatment and emergency

Teaching goals

• Hymenopters
• Snakes
• Caterpillars
• Atypical anaphylactic reaction
• Treatment

Teaching goals

• Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) commonly affects medium- to large-breed dogs and causes acute stomach dilation that compromises blood supply and can lead to tissue necrosis.GDV reduces venous return to the heart by compressing the caudal vena cava, resulting in decreased cardiac output and obstructive shock.Pre-anaesthetic preparation for GDV involves attempting stomach decompression and monitoring key clinical variables like packed cell volume, electrolytes, and lactate levels.Anaesthetic management of GDV patients should avoid drugs with negative cardiovascular effects and include preoxygenation, continuous ECG monitoring, and preparation of lidocaine for ventricular arrhythmias.Post-surgery, GDV patients require vigilant monitoring for cardiovascular issues, appropriate fluid therapy, and effective analgesia to ensure recovery.

Teaching goals

• Definition of chronic hepatitis
• Aetiology
• Signalment and clinical signs
• Tests & imaging
• Biopsy
• Treatment

Teaching goals

• 4 Treatments: Anti-thyroid medications / Iodine-restricted diet / Surgical / Radioactive iodine
• Pro and cons of each treatment
• Renal function and iatrogenic hypothyroidism
• Dogs?

Teaching goals

• Describe and understand the refeeding syndrome
• Review the pathophysiology to better understand
• Review the treatment and how to prevent the RS

Teaching goals

• Definitions
• Reasoning of testing
• Clinical signs
• Tests
• Uncommon tests
• Canine hyperthyroidism?

Teaching goals

Teaching goals

Teaching goals

• Recognize the key nutrients for patients with CKD
• Differences between kidney diets
• Nutritional management of kidney patients: difference between dogs and cats

Teaching goals

• Definition of DKA
• History and presentation
• Diagnostics
• Treatment: Fluids, Electrolytes correction, Other supportive treatment, Insulin
• Dealing with insulin complications

Teaching goals

• One-lung intubation is a real risk in cats.
• POCUS is a helpful tool in anesthesia.
• Preoxygenation helps to gain more time in critical situations.

Teaching goals available soon

Teaching goals

• Hypercapnia associated with respiratory depressant drugs is extremely common in anesthetized patients.
• Treatment of hypercapnia/hypocapnia depends on the underlying cause; however, hypercapniais frequently.
• Oxygenation can be assessed non-invasively (pulse oximetry) or invasively (arterial blood gas), each with their own advantages/disadvantages.
• Mechanisms underlying hypoxemia include: hypoventilation, ventilation-perfusion inequalities, pulmonary or cardiac shunting of blood, impairments to gas diffusion, decreased inspired oxygen levels.

Teaching goals

• Brief introduction to insulinoma: what is it and diagnosis
• Initial stabilisation
• Surgery
• Medical treatment & Palliative
• Survival

Teaching goals

• Pathophysiology
• Oxygenation methods available in practice
• Clinical examination of the animal in respiratory distress: Focus on the cat
• Complementary exam

Teaching goals

• Definition of PUO: hyperthermia vs fever vs pyrexia
• The importance of clinical history and physical examination
• Common causes of fever in dogs & cats
• Complications: the wrong therapy
• Suggested diagnostic protocol

Teaching goals

• The candidates can understand with ease the secondary and tertiary haemostasis, and gain better knowledge on how to interpret the most commonly offered tests by laboratories.